N=Embase n=223 Duplicates, n=Total publications for evaluation n=Excluded, n=201 Not human, n=10 Not low BMD or osteoporosis, n=8 Not raloxifene, n=17 No relevant outcomes, n=19 Case reports, n=9 Narrative testimonials, n=135 Not Japan, n=Publications for full-text assessment n=Excluded, n=11 Systematic critiques, n=2 Multicountry study with no country-level analysis, n=1 Antiresorptive therapy study with no drug-level evaluation, n=1 Participants with osteoporosis/osteoarthritis with no disease-level analysis, n=1 Conference abstract, n=1 Participants on dialysis, n=3 Published in non-peer-reviewed journal, n=Included publications n=Figure 1 Flow diagram of literature-search results. Databases have been Medline via PubMed and embase. Searches were restricted to human species and publications from 1980 onwards. Abbreviation: BMD, bone mineral density.Inside the eight publications24,29,32,33,36?9 that reported findings for BMD inside the femoral neck, total hip, total neck, or other regions with the hip, BMD elevated, remained the identical, or decreased; handful of from the increases in BMD had been statistically significant.Fracture incidenceFracture incidence (vertebral or nonvertebral) was reported in 3 of the 15 publications, including publications from two randomized κ Opioid Receptor/KOR review controlled trials31,35 and one observational study.40 Having said that, only the observational study, which was asubmit your manuscript | dovepressClinical Interventions in Aging 2014:DovepressTable 1 Study and participant characteristicsTherapy and dose, n 52 L-BMD #2.five SD of YAM and Japanese diagnostic criteriac Japanese diagnostic criteriad Mean (SD) age, years Study period, weeks Disease definition ObjectiveDovepressAuthorsEnrolled, nRandomized controlled trials Morii et al35 302aAssess security and efficacy of RLX (double-blind, placebo-controlled)Iwamoto et al31 52 52Clinical Interventions in Aging 2014:9 52 L-BMD #2.5 SD of YAM and Japanese diagnostic criteriad L-BMD #2.5 SD of YAM (osteoporosis) or two.five SD ,L-BMD #2.0 SD of YAM (osteopenia)d L-BMD #2.0 SD of YAM 104 RLX 60 mg/day, 92a RLX 120 mg/day, 95a Placebo, 97a RLX 60 mg/day, 61 ALN five mg/day, 61 RLX 60 mg/day, 32 RLX 60 mg + ALF 1 g/day, 28 RLX 60 mg/day, 45 ALF 1 g/day, 44 RLX 60 mg + ALF 1 g/day, 48 RLX 60 mg/day, 16 HRT, 16 Control, 14f RLX 60 mg/day, 42g ALF 1 g/day, 46g RLX 60 mg + ALF 1 g/day, 45g RLX 60 mg/day am, 20 RLX 60 mg/day pm, 19 52 L-BMD #2.5 SD of YAM (osteoporosis) or 2.five SD ,L-BMD #2.0 SD of YAM (osteopenia)d Japanese Suggestions for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosisi 65 (six)b 65 (6)b 64 (7) 69 (7) 70 (eight) 72 (9)e 70 (11)e 64 (7) 65 (7) 65 (8) 71 (3) 72 (three) 73 (three) 64 (7) 65 (7) 65 (7) 77 (ten)h 78 (7)h RLX 60 mg/day, 50 RLX 60 mg/day, 68 70 (9)j 52 72 (10) 52 L-BMD #2.5 SD of YAM and Japanese diagnostic criteriad L-BMD #2.5 SD of YAM and Japanese diagnostic criteriad RLX 60 mg/day, 73 RLX 60 mg/day, 6,970l RLX 60 mg/day, 198 63 (8) 70 (9)m 52n 104 156 52 71 (9)bMajima et alGorai et alCompare Drug Metabolite Chemical site effects of RLX and ALN on L-BMD, bone turnover, and lipid metabolism Assess efficacy of RLX + ALF on BMD and bone turnover Assess adherence to RLX, ALF, and RLX + ALFHayashi et alGorai et alAndo et alCompare atheroprotective and osteoprotective effects of RLX and HRT when switching from HRT to RLX (age-matched controlsf) Assess efficacy of RLX + ALF on BMD and bone turnover and effect of RLX on serum PTH Assess effects of RLX dosing time on coagulation, fibrinolysis, and bone turnoverObservational research Majima et al36Majima et alMajima et al38 70 (.