Investigate socially relevant odors. Extra work is required to test this
Investigate socially relevant odors. More work is necessary to test this possibility. The odor preference benefits are consistent with prior information showing DA release within the Acb throughout Caspase Source investigation of opposite sex odors [15,16], but differ from these reported by Martinez-Hernandez et al., 2012 [14], who found that 6-OHDA lesions from the mAcb had no effect on opposite-sex odor preference in female mice. There are actually quite a few feasible explanations for this discrepancy. Martinez-Hernandez and colleagues measured time spent in proximity to the odor stimulus in ovary-intact (non-hormone primed) female mice, as an alternative to the time spent sniffing (actively investigating) the stimulus in estrous (hormoneprimed) female mice, as in the present study. Hence other behaviors, for example grooming or marking in proximity for the odor, may have been registered along with investigating the pheromonal stimulus. Female subjects may possibly have already been at various stages with the estrous cycle throughout testing, which could have an impact on the degree of arousal and/or motivation to investigate opposite-sex pheromones, due to the fact females show unique odor-evoked behaviors relative to estrous cycle stage [23]. Furthermore, the odors tested in the prior study were clean bedding (a familiar, non-biologically relevant odor) vs. male-soiled bedding (a novel, biologically relevant odor). Offered this choice, it is actually not surprising that female mice would prefer the male odor due each to its novelty and its sexual relevance to the animal. Comparing variations in investigation between same-sex and opposite-sex urinary odors, by contrast, offers an assessment of females’ sexual vs. social motivation simply because both odors are socially relevant towards the animal, but only the opposite sex odor is sexually relevant. Opposite sex urinary odors are natural, reinforcing stimuli. DA innervation with the anteromedial ventral striatum originates predominantly from cell bodies within the posterior VTA [24], and in estrous female mice we’ve observed a selective activation (increased FOS expression) of neurons within the posterior VTA that project towards the mOT specifically in response to male (but not female) urinary volatiles (unpublished observations). PheromonalBehav Brain Res. Author manuscript; obtainable in PMC 2015 November 01.DiBenedictis et al.Pageinformation reaches the Me through both the primary (volatiles) and accessory (nonvolatiles) olfactory bulbs. This information is processed by the Me and subsequently directed to ventral striatal nuclei (and specifically towards the mOT) by means of direct and indirect pathways, likely involving the BNST and VTA [5]. VTA-originating DA release from terminals in the mAcb and mOT in response to opposite-sex pheromones probably plays a role in the attribution of saliency to these odors, driving females to seek out male odors, without which the motivation to discover a mate and reproduce could be compromised.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptAcknowledgmentsSupported by NIH grant DC008962 awarded to JAC.
Study COMMUNICATIONSubnuclear partitioning of rRNA genes between the nucleolus and nucleoplasm reflects option epiallelic statesFrederic Pontvianne,1,2,9,12 Todd Blevins,1,two,3,eight Chinmayi Chandrasekhara,1,two,eight Iva Mozgova,4,8,10 Fas Accession Christiane Hassel,five Olga M.F. Pontes,six Sarah Tucker,7,11 Petr Mokros,4 Veronika Muchova 4 Jiri Fajkus,4 and Craig S. Pikaard1,two,3,1 Department of Biology, 2Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana Universi.