., biofuels, bioplastics) by means of microbial fermentation [5]. So far, most studies on lignocellulose
., biofuels, bioplastics) by way of microbial fermentation [5]. So far, most studies on lignocellulose (namely, second generation) biorefining have already been addressed to Production of fuels (e.g., ethanol, butanol) owing to bigger economic interest in these chemical compounds [6]. However, there is growing interest in utilizing lignocellulose feedstocks for production of other commodity chemical compounds like organic acids [7]. The truth is, a 2004 report in the US Department of Power incorporated IL-4 Protein Cancer numerous carboxylic acids (e.g., succinic, fumaric, malic, glucaric, 3hydroxypropionic, and itaconic acid) amongst the best worth platform PX-478 Autophagy chemicals derived from biomass determined by their chemical properties, earlier and possible market, and technical complexity of their synthesis pathway(s) [10]. Employing equivalent criteria and taking into account the technological advances that had occurred inside the meantime, added chemicals had been integrated in this list six years later, including lactic acid [11]. Industrial interest in organic acidsFermentation 2021, 7, 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentationhttps://www.mdpi.com/journal/fermentationFermentation 2021, 7,two ofmainly refers to their use as building-block chemicals [12], even though other applications (e.g., meals, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile industry) may be relevant, based on the certain compound (Table 1). Application possible of microbial-derived organic acids strongly depends upon their price tag, which in most cases at the moment limits their competitiveness with oil-derived compounds. Presently, the marketplace size of these chemical compounds is far smaller than that of biofuels (Table 1). For comparison, in 2020, the marketplace size of ethanol was estimated at about 95 billion US [13], even though that of adipic acid (essentially the most commercially essential organic acid) was about 5 billion US [14]. Establishing cost-competitive microbial production processes (e.g., by utilizing less costly fermentation feedstock) is for that reason the crucial for completely expanding the marketplace of those compounds [10], that is amongst the priority areas of financial development designated by the European Commission [15].Table 1. Most recent estimation of economic parameters, production feedstocks, and applications of some top rated value organic acids. 3-HP, 3-hydroxypropionic acid; AA, adipic acid; CAGR, compound annual development rate; CCM, cis,cis-muconic acid; FA, fumaric acid; GA, glucaric acid; IA, itaconic acid; LA, lactic acid; MA, malic acid; n.a., not readily available; SA, succinic acid. At the moment Exploited Feedstocks Annual Production (k Tons) Industry Size (US Million)Application FieldN of C AtomsPrice (US /kg)Organic AcidLA C3 3-HP1.30.12.8Biodegradable polymers, meals and beverages, personal care/cosmetics, pharmaceuticals Food/feed additive/preservative, creating block for plastic polymers, acrylic acid precursor Food/beverage additive, rosin paper sizing, unsaturated polyester resin, alkyd resin, private care/cosmetics Food/beverage additive, private care/cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biodegradable polymers Production of 1,4-butanediol and polymers, lubricants, pigments, private care, food colorants Plasticizer, lubricating oil additive, adhesives, sealants, finishing agents, paints, coatings Nylon 6,six, polyurethanes, adipic esters Bio-plastics, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, new functional resins, meals additives, production of bulk chemical substances Detergents, polymer synthesis, corrosion inhibitors, pharmaceuticals, meals additives/health supplementscorn, sugarcane Glucose, glycerol, 1,3-propan.