E study and M.M.; project administration, A.T. and M.
E read and M.M.; project administration, A.T. and M.P.-S.; and agreed for the published version of your manuscript. Funding: N-Dodecyl-��-D-maltoside manufacturer Write-up processing charges were funded by Foundation for Science Improvement in Hospital of Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Wolska 37, 01-201 Poland. Institutional Assessment Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Information Availability Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
pharmaceuticalsArticleThe Extract of Corydalis yanhusuo Prevents Morphine Tolerance and DependenceLamees Alhassen 1, , Khawla Nuseir 1,2, , Allyssa Ha 1 , Warren Phan 1 , Ilias Marmouzi 1 , Shalini Shah three and Olivier Civelli 1,four, 2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Dimethyl sulfone medchemexpress Pharmacy, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; [email protected] (L.A.); [email protected] (K.N.); [email protected] (A.H.); [email protected] (W.P.); [email protected] (I.M.) Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technologies, Irbid 22110, Jordan Division of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, College of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; [email protected] Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally.Citation: Alhassen, L.; Nuseir, K.; Ha, A.; Phan, W.; Marmouzi, I.; Shah, S.; Civelli, O. The Extract of Corydalis yanhusuo Prevents Morphine Tolerance and Dependence. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14101034 Academic Editor: Thomas Efferth Received: 18 September 2021 Accepted: 8 October 2021 Published: 12 OctoberAbstract: The opioid epidemic was triggered by an overprescription of opioid analgesics. Inside the treatment of chronic pain, repeated opioid administrations are needed which in the end bring about tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction. A probable method to overcome this conundrum consists of a co-medication that maintains the analgesic advantages of opioids even though stopping their adverse liabilities. YHS, the extract on the plant Corydalis yanhusuo, has been utilized as analgesic in standard Chinese medicine for centuries. Extra recently, it has been shown to market analgesia in animal models of acute, inflammatory, and neuropathic discomfort. It acts, a minimum of in aspect, by inhibiting the dopamine D2 receptor, suggesting that it may be advantageous to manage addiction. We first show that, in animals, YHS can increase the efficacy of morphine antinociceptive and, as such, lower the will need of your opioid. We then show that YHS, when coadministered with morphine, inhibits morphine tolerance, dependence, and addiction. Lastly, we show that, in animals treated for various days with morphine, YHS can reverse morphine dependence and addiction. Collectively, these data indicate that YHS may be useful as a co-medication in morphine therapies to limit adverse morphine effects. For the reason that YHS is readily obtainable and protected, it might have an immediate constructive effect to curb the opioid epidemic. Key phrases: opioid epidemic; addiction; dependence; medicinal plant; regular medicine; Corydalis yanhusuo; antinociceptionPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.1. Introduction Over the past two decades, dramatic increases in opioid overdose mortality have occurred within the United St.