He period from 1976 to 2018, the lower of temperature extremes and cold waves, expressed by the ten percentile and 5 percentile of continuous episodes for five days or extra, respectively, was shown [176]. 2. Components and Approaches A literature search was performed making use of electronic databases Internet of Science, Pubmed, Science Direct, Cloperastine Biological Activity Scopus, and e-Library, focusing on peer-reviewed journal articles published in English and in Russian from 2000 to 2021. Hand looking from the applicable literature was also performed in relevant journals and bibliographies of integrated studies. 3 conceptual categories were utilized: “extremely hot weather”, “extremely cold weather”, and “human health”, revealing a total of 189 records. We had been looking for the important words “heat wave”, “hot weather”, “high temperature”, and/or “cold wave”, “cold spell”, “coldAtmosphere 2021, 12,5 ofweather”, “extremely low temperatures”, and “human health”, “cardiovascular mortality”, “respiratory mortality”, “cardiovascular disease”, “respiratory disease”, “mental health”, or “ambulance calls”, as well as looked for studies cited inside the recognized articles. The papers with duplicate and overlapping benefits had been excluded from the overview and weren’t integrated into final table placed in the finish in the Outcomes section. Finally, the search identified 16 studies that have been chosen for the review. We didn’t impose any restrictions on study design. three. Results Very first, it was shown that heat (cold) waves have been primarily defined as periods with abnormally high (low) temperatures in comparison to existing values, typically combined with high humidity (sturdy wind), which have an adverse impact on human body, expressed in a statistically significant boost in mortality or morbidity [69,71,72,9301,10711]. Primarily based on long-term investigation, it was determined that heat (cold) waves incorporate periods with an excess of the 97(3) percentile on the distribution of mean each day temperature in the summer season (winter) months [145,177]. This threshold worth is included within the Methodological Recommendations of Russian Rospotrebnadzor [178]. Also for the air temperature measured at a climate station, some papers examined the thermal pressure expressed with regards to GLYX-13 Biological Activity perceived temperature, i.e., the temperature adjusted for the complicated influence of air humidity, wind, clouds and atmospheric pressure around the human body [179,180]. In papers [99,110,111] the bioclimatic indices for example the Wind-Chill Index (WCI) [181], the Temperature-Humidity Index (HUM) [182], the Apparent Temperature (AT) by Steadman [183], the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) [184], the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) [185], are employed. It was recommended that to become named a wave, the period with intense deviations of the chosen indicator ought to final constantly for many consecutive days; according to the duration criterion, the waves have been classified as quick (duration from five to 7 days) and long (from eight days and longer) [107,110]. When analyzing temperature waves, also to their duration, other indicators had been described: the wave intensity, i.e. the sum of degrees above (below) the base temperature [72]; the “wave fraction” defined because the ratio from the quantity of days inside the wave towards the total variety of days with temperatures above (beneath) the temperature threshold, for heat and cold waves, respectively [94,99]; the time shift among the beginning with the wave along with the influence on the human physique as the lagged impact [55,70,97,98,100,101]. In add.