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ReviewSound Localization and Lateralization by Bilateral Bone Conduction Devices, Middle Ear Implants, and PHGDH-inactive web cartilage Conduction 12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid Metabolic Enzyme/Protease hearing AidsKimio ShiraishiDepartment of Communication Design and style Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 815-0032, Japan; [email protected]; Tel.: +81-92-804-Citation: Shiraishi, K. Sound Localization and Lateralization by Bilateral Bone Conduction Devices, Middle Ear Implants, and Cartilage Conduction Hearing Aids. Audiol. Res. 2021, 11, 50823. https:// doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11040046 Academic Editor: Philip H.S. Jen Received: 17 May well 2021 Accepted: 27 September 2021 Published: 30 SeptemberAbstract: Sound localization in everyday life is one of the crucial functions of binaural hearing. Bilateral bone conduction devices (BCDs), middle ear implants, and cartilage conduction hearing aids happen to be often applied for individuals with conductive hearing loss (CHL) or mixed hearing loss, one example is, resulting from bilateral microtia and aural atresia. Within this critique, elements affecting the accuracy of sound localization with bilateral BCDs, middle ear implants, and cartilage conduction hearing aids have been classified into four categories: (1) forms of device, (2) experimental conditions, (three) participants, and (4) pathways in the stimulus sound to both cochleae. Recent research inside the past ten years on sound localization and lateralization by BCDs, middle ear implants, and cartilage conduction hearing aids were discussed. Most studies showed added benefits for sound localization or lateralization with bilateral devices. Having said that, the judgment accuracy was typically reduce than that for normal hearing, as well as the localization errors tended to become bigger than for typical hearing. Moreover, it ought to be noted that the degree of accuracy in sound localization by bilateral BCDs varied considerably among individuals. Additional investigation on sound localization is necessary to analyze the difficult mechanism of bone conduction, like suprathreshold air conduction with bilateral devices. Keyword phrases: localization; lateralization; binaural hearing; hearing loss; bone conduction device; middle ear implant; cartilage conduction hearing aid1. Introduction We are surrounded by numerous distinct sounds and we can quickly know exactly where they may be and how far they’re from us. This ability is called “localization”. In line with Moore [1], the term “localization” refers to determining the direction and distance of a sound supply. It really is well known that sound localization within the horizontal plane is mediated by two cues: interaural time distinction (ITD) and interaural level distinction (ILD). The ITD is defined as the distinction in arrival time amongst the two ears and will be the most significant cue to sound localization for low-frequency components [2]. The ILD is defined because the difference within the level of a sound at the two ears caused primarily by the head “shadowing” effect for high-frequency elements [2]. Sound localization within the vertical plane is achieved by means of filtering by the pinnae along with the head itself. This filtering is usually expressed in “headrelated transfer functions (HRTFs)” [1]. The HRTF changes within the vertical and horizontal planes based on the angle of incidence on the sound. So, with regard to hearing aids, you will discover differences in the HRTF according to the angle at which the sound.