Ustrative examples of cerebral glucose metabolism within a congenitally blind (left) and a standard sighted handle (proper) topic (Kupers et al).blind plus a blindfolded manage topic.A number of mechanisms may be put forward to clarify this increased glucose metabolism.One of the hypotheses that we favor is that it reflects internally guided cognitive activity throughout the FDGuptake period even though subjects are within the “resting” state.Functional brain imaging protocols and research utilizing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) indeed have shown that the occipital cortex inside the congenitally blind is recruited by and efficiently involved inside a wide variety of cognitive functions including lexical, semantic and phonological processing, interest, verbal memory, functioning memory, and so forth.(Amedi et al Pietrini et al Kupers et al , Raz et al Stevens et al Bonino et al Cattaneo et al ; Renier YKL-06-061 mechanism of action PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543622 et al).how do we Acquire information in the externAl worldthe fusiform fACe Area Along with the pArAhippoCAmpAl place Area.. is there A brAin Region for everythingHow we make sense from the infinite quantity of distinct objects that unfold in front of our eyes has been a matter of fascinating debates for philosophers and scientists since the early days.In the past two decades, primarily based on the final results from singlecell recordings in nonhuman primates and functional brain imaging studies in humans, some authors have proposed the existence of a “fusiform face area” and also a “parahippocampal spot area,” particularly devoted to recognition of faces and places, respectively (Kanwisher et al McCarthy et al).An option interpretation proposes that distinctive areas within the extrastriate ventrotemporal cortex are specialized in unique types of perceptual processes.As outlined by this theory, the fusiform face area could be responsible for specialist recognition of things from any category, not merely faces (Gauthier et al ,).Hence, the fusiform face area would respond to a face not just because it is a face but due to the truth that all of us are “faceexperts” as we commence to appear at faces because the really very first days of life.Even though for face and place recognition, and maybe several added categories, it seems plausible that evolution could possibly have led for the selection of devoted neural systems offered their biological meaning for survival, this surely can’t be true for the vast majority of object categories.Inside the 1st place, the total volume of cortical surface within the ventral object vision pathway is rather restricted; second, an evolutionbased choice of certain neuronal groups that respond in an allornone manner to every single distinct category would be merely not possible in terms of time expected for evolutionary selection mechanisms to operate.A additional strong objection comes from current research working with fMRI that have demonstrated that taking a look at a face not only elicits a peak response inside the lateral fusiform gyrus, but also extra activations outside in the fusiform gyrus (Ishai et al).Alternatively, other nonface object categories do activate the lateral fusiform gyrus, while to a lesser degree than faces (Ishai et al ).Frontiers in Psychology Consciousness ResearchFebruary Volume Article Kupers et al.Blindness and consciousnessobjeCt form topologyTo resolve this problem, Haxby et al. applied fMRI to measure brain responses to unique object categories, such as human faces, cats, houses, and manmade objects.They demonstrated that distinctive object categories elicit specific neural response patterns.